Professor Geoff Axford | Dark Energy & The Big Bang

Part 1

Explanation of so-called “Dark Energy”

The creation/invention of some mystical dark energy/matter was the necessary solution for those cosmologists lacking in the knowledge of the physics of the dynamics of exploding matter to explain why the outer matter of the universe was expanding faster than the rest. “Dark energy” was the magic energy forcing the outer bodies to move faster and “dark matter” was to provide a gravitational retarding of the matter away from the outer bodies! A possible explanation as to why it was thought that bodies on the periphery of the universe were experiencing acceleration in speed (and hence the invention of so-called “dark energy”) please see appendix 1.

For the benefit of those who still believe in “dark energy” allow me to explain why the outer bodies of the universe are expanding faster than all the others (even with a “big bang”!). This is explained in baby steps for those cosmologists who have no knowledge of the dynamics of exploding matter using a simple cannon and 4 cannon balls.

Step 1

Stage 1.

A cannon* is loaded with single cannon ball (A) and a standard explosive charge (1).

After detonation the cannon ball lands a distance X from the cannon.

If the same cannon with the same set-up is fired in space in zero gravity the cannon ball would go to infinity at a speed of ‘S’ (the speed that it left the cannon) LESS the speed of the recoil experienced by the cannon. If the mass of the cannon is 100 times that of the cannon ball this would result in a recoil speed of one hundredth of that of the cannon ball.

In this and all the following hypothetical demonstrations the effect of wind-resistance/air-friction is ignored. The hypothetical cannon* has a perfectly smooth, cylindrical and straight barrel (Teflon coated?) using perfectly spherical and dimensioned cannon balls.

Step 2

Stage 2.

The cannon is loaded with two cannon balls (A & B) and the same primary explosive charge (1) as before.

After detonation both cannon balls land a distance half that of what was achieved before (X) from the cannon because charge (1) is now having to work with twice the mass as before.

If the same cannon with the same set-up is fired in space in zero gravity then both cannon balls would go to infinity at half the speed as before of the single cannon ball because the same force (explosive charge) is now having to accelerate twice the mass of cannon balls LESS the speed of the recoil experienced by the cannon.

If the mass of the cannon is 100 times that of a cannon ball this would result in a recoil speed of one fiftieth of that of the TWO cannon balls.

Stage 3.

Cannon is now loaded with two cannon balls and with the same standard charge but split so that a small amount is placed between balls A & B.

After detonation both cannon balls land a distance on average half the distance X from the cannon as previously shown.

The shorter distance travelled by ball A is because not only has it a smaller charge to accelerate both balls but also that there is a recoil from charge 2 resisting the acceleration of ball A.

Ball B travels the furthest because it is being accelerated by two charges 1 and 2. In zero gravity the cannon balls would go to infinity at half the speed of a single cannon ball as before on average because the same force is accelerating twice the mass as before but the two masses are forced apart by the small amount of charge causing B to fly faster than A to infinity at a fiftieth of that achieved before.

Looking at this from the point of view of the individual cannon balls then the smaller primary explosive charge 1 has now to accelerate two masses and explosive charge 2 has now only having to accelerate a single mass which is already being accelerated by charge 1.

Step 3

Stage 1.

The cannon is now loaded with three cannon balls and a new standard explosive charge.

After detonation all 3 cannon balls land a new distance Y1 from the cannon.

If the same cannon with the same set-up is fired in space in zero gravity the cannon balls would go to infinity at the new speed of ‘S1’ LESS the speed of the recoil experienced by the cannon.

If the mass of the cannon is 100 times that of a cannon ball this would result in a recoil speed of three-hundredths that of the THREE cannon balls.

Stage 2.

The cannon is now loaded with three cannon balls and with the same new standard charge but split so that a small equal amount of the standard charge is placed between balls A, B & C such that charge 1 is the same as charge 2 and is the same as charge 3.

After detonation all 3 cannon balls land the same new distance on average Y1 from the cannon.

Cannon ball A is accelerated at a lesser speed than as before due to the smaller primary charge which is still having to force balls B and C along the barrel and being resisted by the recoil from charges 2 and 3.

Cannon ball B is accelerated by the charges 1 and 2 and which has still to force ball C along the barrel and being resisted by the recoil from charge 3. The resulting distance from the barrel for ball B is greater than that of A but less than that of C.

In zero gravity the cannon balls would go to infinity at a speed of S1 on average as before (allowing for recoil) and with speeds proportional to their respective distances achieved on earth which are varied because of individual forces from the work required by the charges to accelerate varying masses and retarded by the varied recoil experienced by cannon balls A & B. Resulting with ball C travelling faster than A & B and B travelling faster than A.

The differential distances D1 and D2 are as a result that cannon ball C has the energy from charges 1, 2 and 3 whereas cannon ball B has only charges 1 and 2 to accelerate it.

Step 4

Stage 1.

The cannon is now loaded with four cannon balls and a new standard explosive charge.

After detonation all 4 cannon balls land a new distance Z from the cannon.

If the mass of the cannon is 100 times that of a cannon ball this would result in a recoil speed of four-hundredths that of the FOUR cannon balls.

Stage 2.

Here we go again, guess what happens with 4 cannon balls! The cannon is now loaded with four cannon balls and with the same new standard charge but split so that four equal amounts of the standard charge are placed behind balls A, B, C & D as shown.

After detonation all 4 cannon balls land the same new distance on average Z from the cannon as if all charges were placed behind ball A.

Cannon ball A is accelerated at a lesser speed than as before due to the now smaller primary charge which is still having to force the mass of balls B, C and D along the barrel and suffering from the recoil produced by charges 2, 3 and 4.

NB: the force exerted on cannon ball A by the recoil from balls B, C and D is LESS than the force exerted by the explosive 1 because cannon balls B, C and D are free to move along the barrel whereas the solid cannon material behind cannon ball A cannot move away. It should also be noted that explosive charge 1 is capable of ejecting all cannon balls from the barrel!

Cannon ball B is accelerated by the charges 1 and 2 and which still needs to force balls C and D along the barrel and subject to the recoil produced by charges 3 and 4. The resulting distance from the barrel for cannon ball B is greater than that of A but less than that of C and so on…

If the same cannon with the same set-up is fired in space in zero gravity the cannon balls would go to infinity at a speed of S2 on average as shown before at a speed on average as before LESS the recoil speed of the cannon and with speeds proportional to their respective distances achieved on earth.

Application

If we examine how many cannon balls would behave if they were encased in an explosive substance (as below) and then detonated we would find that they would disperse much the same as we find compared to that shown previously using a cannon barrel. The only difference being that cannon ball 0 would not move because it is subject to balancing counter-acting forces!

This being so, we would find that the outermost cannon balls would be accelerating (in zero gravity) at the fastest speeds. This shows that the faster speeds found at the edge of the universe is simply predictable to anyone with the ability to use common sense and simple physics and does not need to be “discovered”! If only they had sought the advice of an explosives expert!

If it is claimed that the explosive matter was all concentrated in the centre of all the matter/cannon balls instead of as shown then this would result in a hollow sphere!

Draw your own conclusions about “dark energy” and any other fanciful explanations regarding the so-called “big bang” which I must point out does not explain the rotational properties of matter whereas my explanation (follows in part 2) not only explains why “dark energy” or “dark matter” (when used as an alternative to “dark energy” restricting expansion) is a total nonsense but not only when the first matter was projected into the universe travels the fastest but also why it rotates as does all other matter. See also Appendix 2 >

In short, “dark energy” does not exist!

Notice in this photograph of an explosion showing how NOT all bodies travel at the same speed from the same explosion!!! Does “dark energy” apply here on earth? See also Appendix 2 >

Part 2

A Logical Alternative Solution to the “Big Bang”

Introduction

The problems with the idea of the so-called “Big Bang” are so profound that it is incomprehensible that anyone proposed it without thinking it through with known physics and observations.

The problems with the solution of a so-called “Big Bang” are:

1	That it does not cause the rotation of galaxies and other bodies
2	The next problem is with the solution proposed of a “critical mass explosion”. The first question to ask is why would the entire mass of the universe be necessary to cause this “critical mass explosion”? (A term used by those who have no idea as to how to calculate such a mass or how it would apply to hydrogen and was claimed at a time when only minimal information was publicised after the events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – these details were top secret for many years afterwards so it was “assumed” to be the answer!!!). Would not half the mass work? How about 10% of its mass? 1%?
3	The next question would be how does a mass of supposedly lighter elements gain a critical mass that would cause an explosion? Our sun is an assemblage of hydrogen held together by gravity so why did it not exploded long ago and why are there no heavy elements in it?
4	Simply assembling even heavier elements in one place under gravity does not cause a nuclear explosion as witnessed by the Japanese Fukushima accident or the Chernobyl plant when enough radio active elements came together (and in one place!) under gravity and produced no nuclear explosion – only a melted radio-active mass (China Syndrome – from Japan?). Any physicist involved in the Manhattan Project will tell you about the problems of getting a critical mass together in such a way as to cause an explosion are basically speed and force – gravity is not known for these sorts of speeds or the almost instantaneous force necessary or
5	Selectively combining the necessary isotopes

Once you have dismissed the idea of a “big bang” then consequently the idea that the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB or CMBR if you prefer) was caused by such an event must also be called into question. For instance, what substance creating the microwave radiation would have a half life so long that it still continued emitting microwaves after over 14 billion years later? A more likely explanation for the CMB is that it comes from planets that have evolved a civilisation that emits microwave radiation much the same way as we do. This would then be proof of life elsewhere in the universe as predicted by the Drake equation. Or is the claim that we are the only planet in the universe emitting microwaves into the cosmos?

A more rational solution is to look at how this mass that supposedly exploded in a “big bang” came into being in the void of space-time. If we consider how matter is assembled from within the void as atoms (initially sub-atomic particles i.e. protons, electrons and neutrons plus all the other sub-atomic bits and pieces such as neutrinos, pions, kaons and muons, etc.) to create the elements would come together under gravity and electromagnetic attraction (caused by the presence of electrons).

If we consider how these elements came together originally to create the “seed” from which the core of the universe grew and exhibiting the property of rotational movement in two planes (what engineers would call dual/twin axis/axial rotation) necessary to create a core from which the universe is created in three dimensions with the earliest bodies travelling faster than all the other bodies.

The following “Bi-planar Genesis” explains how the mass of accumulated matter would come together rotating in two planes to then disperse under the excess of centrifugal force over the gravity that was holding all that mass of the universe together in a core.

Bi-planar Genesis

The foregoing is the most likely and shortest generation of a bi-planar rotational core or “seed”. The same result is achieved even when matter comes together without the obvious and immediate rotational creating collisions, randomness takes care of that.

As each bit of matter is attracted from a chaotic distribution in the void it is more than likely to be rotated more and more as more matter is attracted and collides and combines to a mass having a greater and greater gravitational pull.

Eventually the mass becomes so great that it begins to compress itself under gravity and subsequently gets hotter and hotter and rotates faster and faster (much like an ice skater will spin faster as they pull in their arms to reduce their diameter).

The faster this core of matter rotates the greater the centrifugal force becomes allowing it to jettison matter which will have a spin imparted by the drag on it as it transitions between core and free space-time. See diagram “inducing spin to galaxies” later.

There will come a point where the gravitational pull of this spinning core of matter will be exceeded by centrifugal force and matter will begin to be expelled – BIG WHOOSH – NOT BANG!

Speed Variation of Distributed Bodies Under Centrifugal Force

The effect is of outer bodies being forced to move faster by some “unknown” energy and accelerating away from the other bodies in the rotating universe whereas their speed has remained the same as when first ejected. With a slower peripheral speed, ejecta spin (caused by drag on escaping bodies) are subject to a slower drag combined with a lower gravity and hence slower rotational speed. Galaxies formed in the earliest universe will spin faster than the galaxies formed later.

If this is compared with what is expected using the “big bang” paradigm where all expanding bodies are assumed to be moving outwards at the same speed, this creates the need for the invention of “dark energy” to speed up the outer bodies of the universe (and even “dark matter” to slow down those bodies not so far away!) to cause this acceleration/deceleration effect when by abandoning this ill-considered paradigm there is no need for some mystical force (Star Wars?) this compounded with the failure of intelligence to understand the dynamics of exploding matter just adds to the myth. This is what deceived Edwin Hubble.

As matter is expelled from the rotating core it is subjected to a drag effect thus inducing a spin to those bodies.

Differing planes of rotation providing an aggregate compound bi-axial movement would ultimately spread matter in all directions under centrifugal force.

In Summary

We can deduce that the initial “seed” :-

•	gains greater mass and greater gravitational effect on adjacent matter
•	has such inertia that any matter is attracted along the direction of spin
•	grows by adding all available matter in space-time to become the core of the universe

Core then – (after a few billion years or so!):-

•	grows so large as to compress itself under its own gravity
•	compresses elements which generates heat in captive matter
•	compresses simple elements with heat to create heavier elements
•	the heat generated causes the matter to shine becoming what would be the eventual stars and galaxies that would become ejected and scattered
•	compresses itself further and reduces the diameter of the core
•	accelerates the speed of angular rotation caused by the reduction in the diameter of the core
•	ejects peripheral matter from the core once the speed of angular rotation increases to the point the gravitational effect of the core becomes less than the centrifugal force on the peripheral matter and whose peripheral speed has increased
•	heavier elements created in the centre of the core are forced towards the periphery of the core by centrifugal force so get ejected with all the other matter that form galaxies, etc.
•	as matter is expelled from the core it has a spin induced into it caused by the drag on that part of the matter that is still under the gravitational influence of the core which also stretches it out to eventually become spiral galaxies

Hypothesis Regarding Dark Energy

This “phenomenon” that the cosmology community have so far failed to explain is simply due to the failure of those physicists who do not know how the dynamics of explosions would create the disparity of speeds observed – see earlier explanation for this. The foregoing demolition of the “big bang” was a subsequent necessary consequence to explain this hypothesis which I initially developed.

Almost everything in the universe spins/rotates, planets, moons (mostly), solar systems, nebulae, black holes and galaxies, etc. so is it such a stretch to imagine that the universe itself also spins/rotates as demonstrated in the earlier explanation of the growth/creation of the universe?

The compound axial rotation of matter (even before all matter had been expelled from the core but still held with a weakening gravitational pull) into the nascent universe would be subject to centrifugal force and hence explain the expansion of the universe with the outer constituents travelling the fastest. This also gives rise to the expansion of the universe itself after the “NON-big bang”. A sufficient wobble in the universe’s spin would have the result that all areas of the periphery of the universe would be equally accelerating (apparently) away. Clearly the axis must wobble caused by the bi-planar rotation of the core otherwise we would have a flat, disc-like universe. If the universe was a perfect sphere then the angle of rotational axial deviation shown in sketch 1a would be ninety degrees. See sketch 1a below.

Regarding the microwave background radiation, this constitutes a part of the universe and would be rotating along with it and therefore could not help in countering or helping my hypothesis. See the sketches (also available as jpegs) demonstrating the principles involved. I would estimate that the degree of displacement of the axis of rotation would be of the order of over eighty degrees.

I leave it to you to process the data (to which I have no access) that would enable a more accurate value to be determined.

If the universe was a perfect sphere then the angle of rotational axial deviation shown in sketch 1a would be ninety degrees. If the universe was ellipsoid then it would be less than ninety degrees.

Additionally, the same result of an ellipsoid universe would result when the angular rate of rotation of planes at ninety degrees were not equal shown in sketch 1c.

Being a firm believer in Sod’s Law (aka Murphy’s Law) and my inbuilt suspicion of things being perfect and not having the necessary data regarding the shape of the universe, I applied my gut feeling that any angle between the planes of rotation would be of the order of eighty eight to ninety-ish degrees.

Note that I regard “ish” as my universal constant in cosmology!

Professor Geoffrey Axford

Email: contact@profax.co.uk

Appendix 2 - Dark Energy - the Coffin Nail

For those still clinging to the idea of a “big bang” and “dark energy”, imagine what will happen if you load a bi-directional cannon with both an iron and aluminium ball. What will happen to those balls when subjected to the same explosive force?

According to the “big bangers” what would have happened 13 billion years ago, both would exit the cannon at the same speed and the aluminium ball will then be accelerated to a faster speed by a magical “dark energy” to explain its eventual faster speed!!!

What do you think? Take a wild guess why I call this the “coffin nail” in relation to “dark energy” and the “big bang”.